Kostya's Boring Codec World

Finally NihAV got full-feature VP7 decoding support (well, except one very exotic case for a very exotic mode) so now I can move to other things like actually making various decoders bit-exact, fixing other bugs in them, adding missing pieces of code for player and even documenting stuff. I hope to give a presentation of my work on VDD 2020 or FOSDEM 2021 (whichever accepts it) and I want to have something decent to present by then.

Anyway, here’s a review of VP7.
(more…)

While it’s summer and I’d rather travel around (or suffer from heat when I can’t), there has been some progress on NihAV. Now I can decode VP5 and VP6 files. Reconstruction still sucks because it takes a lot of effort to make perfect reconstruction and I’m too lazy to do that when simple demonstration that the decoder works would suffice.

Anyway, now I can decode both VP5 and VP6 files including interlaced ones. Interlacing in VP5/6 is done in very simple way like many other codecs: there’s a bit for each macroblock telling whether macroblock should be output in interlaced form or not.

Of course this being VPx family, they had to do it with some creativity. First you decode base interlaced bit probability, which is stored as 8-bit value while all other bit probabilities are stored in 7 bits. Then you derive actual probability for interlaced bit and decode it before any other macroblock information (including macroblock type—it’s that important). Probability is derived by companding base probability depending on whether last macroblock was interlaced (then probability is halved) or not (then it’s remapped to fit 128-255 range)—except for the first macroblock in a row which would use the base probability without modifications. And for VP6 you also have to use different starting scan order (band assignment for each coefficient, now it’s shuffled). This is so trivial that one would wonder why this has not been done in libavcodec decoder yet.

There are three possible things to do next: polish current implementation, move to AVC (On2 AVC that is) or move to AVC (Duck VP7 which is AVC ripoff). But probably I’ll simply keep doing nothing instead.

I’m proud to say that NihAV got TrueMotion 2X support. For now only intra frames are supported but 75% of the samples I have (i.e. three samples) have just intra frames. At least I could check that it works as supposed.

First, here’s codec description after I managed to write a working decoder for it. TrueMotion 2X is another of those codecs that’s closer to TrueMotion 1 in design. It still uses the same variable-length codebook instead of Huffman coding (actually only version 5 of this codec uses bit reading for anything). It also uses “apply variable amount of deltas per block” approach but instead of old fixed scheme it now defines twenty-something coding approaches and tells decoder which ones to use in current frame. That is done because block size now can be variable too (but it’s always 8 in all files I’ve seen). And blocks are grouped in tiles (usually equivalent to one row of blocks but again, it may vary). The frame data obfuscation that XORs chunks inside the frame with a 32-bit key derived in a special way is not worth mentioning.

Second, the reference is quite peculiar too. It decodes frame data by filling an array of pointers to the functions that decode each line segment with proper mode, move to the next line and repeat. And those functions are in handwritten assembly—they use stack pointer register for decoder context pointer (that has original ESP saved somewhere inside), which also means they do not use stack space for anything and instead of returning they simply jump to the next routine until the final one restores the stack and returns properly. Thankfully Ghidra allows to assign context argument to ESP and while decompile still looks useless, assembly has proper references in the form mov EDX, dword ptr [ctx->luma_pred + ESP].

And finally, I could not check what binary specification really does because MPlayer could not run it. At first I tried running working combination of WMP+Win98 under OllyDbg in QEMU but it was painfully slow and even more painful to look at the memory state. In result I’ve managed to run TM2X decoder in MPlayer which then served as a good reference. The trick is that you should not try to run tm2X.dll (it’s really hopeless) but rather to take tm2Xdec.ax (or deceptively named tm20dec.ax from the same distribution that can handle TM2X unlike its earlier versions), patch one byte for check in DLL init and it works surprisingly well after that.

So what’s next? Probably I’ll just add missing features for the second TM2X sample (the other two samples are TM2A), maybe add Bink2 deblocking feature—since I’d rather have that decoder complete—and move to improving overall NihAV design. Frame management needs proper rework before I add more codecs—I want to change into a thread-safe version before I add more decoders. Plus I’ll need to add some missing bits for a player. There’s a lot of work still to do but I’m pleased that I still managed to do something.