Kostya's Boring Codec World

Recently I’ve posted a short review of DPCM-based video codecs where Indeo 2 and 3 were mentioned, but what about Indeo 1?

Previously I believed that it’s their raw format aka IF09 (YVU 4:1:0 with 7 bits per component) but recently I’ve discovered a codec called Indeo YVU9 Compressed, which kinda fills the gap between raw video and comparatively complex Indeo 2 (which employs not merely delta coding but also vector quantisation and zero-run coding).

This format codes intra-only frames plane per plane with simple delta prediction and fixed Huffman codes for small deltas plus escape value (which means full 8-bit code value should be read). In other words, a perfect initial DPCM-based codec which can be improved in different ways.

I cannot tell if this codec really deserves to be called Indeo 1 (relegating IF09 to Indeo 0) or it’s some simplification of Indeo 2 that came later. As you know, Indeo codecs come from DVI (no, not the display interfaces) and they had different names. From what I can tell there were three video codec families there: RTV (real-time video), PLV (production-level video, not as fast) and PIC (whatever that is). RTV2 is now known as Indeo 2 but it’s hard to tell which one was Indeo 1 (if there was any) or YVU9C. What’s worse is that there’s next to no software specifications for DVI, you were supposed to use special cards with Intel chipset to encode and decode it.

In either case, it’s yet another codec reverse engineered.

Since I can’t do anything but look at various codecs, I did exactly that. So here are some details about codecs nobody cares about.

First, I looked at a video codec used in videos (movies and TV series) for certain hand-held console. Despite it coming from Majesco, video data start with VXGB magic, reminding of a certain other codec for a slightly newer hand-held console with its data starting with VXDS. Structurally it’s very close to it as well, being simplified H.264 rip-off. My REing efforts were thwarted by the binary specification organisation: while code is supposed to reside in data segment, it constantly calls functions from fast RAM area with no apparent place where they are initialised. I expect it to be some of that code being duplicated there for performance reasons but I haven’t found the place where that copying is performed. Oh well, nobody cares about the format anyway, why should I be an exception?

Then, there’s a whole family of Pixar codecs. The Toy Story game made by them relied on a bunch of QuickTime codecs made by them. There are decoders provided for pix0–pix7 and pixA codecs while the game itself seems to have content only in pix0, pix3, pix4, pix5, pix7 and pixA formats. The binary specification causes Ghidra decompilation failures (mostly in the functions responsible for the decoding) so I could figure something out and something is left as an exercise to a masochist the reader.

All codecs are paletted and most of them operate on 4×4 tiles. Pixar codecs 0 and 4 are actually raw format (with data re-arranged into 4×4 tiles). Codecs 3 and 5 are similar, they maintain a list of tiles (transmitted in the beginning of the frame; frame can update some tiles in the list) and image data is coded as a series of opcodes meaning “draw tile number N”, “leave next N tiles unchanged” or “restore next N tiles from the background image” (that image is stored in some other file, likely compressed with codec 0 or 4). Codec 7 seems to employ static Huffman coding (and I don’t know much beside that fact). Codec A looks like some kind of RLE but I may be wrong.

P.S. I also started some code re-organisation and improvement. For example, I finally got rid of ByteReader/ByteWriter wrappers over I/O objects so it’s less boilerplate code—but unfortunately I’ll need to convert the existing codebase to the new way. I’ve done that for main NihAV repositories but na_game_tool is not yet updated. And I fear I’ll need to waste some time fixing and extending my MPEG-4 ASP decoder (so it can play all videos from my collection). All this leaves not so much time for researching (very) old codecs.

First of all, here’s some information for the context: MVI codecs rely on out-of-band flags to signal what capabilities and subsampling they use (the fact that they decided to store those flags in FOURCC is a different annoyance); and despite the potential variety, only couple of flags are used for each codec. For instance, of all MVI1 files I saw only one flag has been in use (golden frame—and it’s only in one game). MVI2 has two distinct sets of flag combinations, 0x804 and 0x200. The former means bog standard MVI coding (with one chroma sample set for 4×4 block) plus one extension feature, the latter means MVI2 version 2 (if that makes any sense) where they decided to make subsampling and features selectable per frame (as well as adding more of them) and moved them to the frame header while at it.

So far I concentrated my efforts on format 0x804 to see what the feature it is. It turned out to be low-resolution deltas, just like Truemotion 2. In this mode every odd pixel is coded as previous pixel plus half of luma delta for the next pixel. I still have to make the reconstruction run properly, but that’s nothing a lot of debugging can’t fix.

This should allow me to decode even some of MovieCD samples (including the one hidden in samples.mplayerhq.hu/drivers32 for some reason) and I’ve seen quite recognizable frames already.

It’s hard to tell what features the other flavour uses but it’s reasonable to assume that it uses lowres coding as well. Hopefully I’ll get to it soon.

Update from Saturday: after dealing with the annoyance of different deltas coding scheme per each line type, I can now decode the few files I could find (including a couple of movieCDs from archive.org) just fine. The second half seems to use an alternative composing/rendering functions and reads maps differently as well. So while it’ll take more time, at least I’m closer to completion.

In last post I wrote about how I’ve managed to reconstruct a recognizable picture for MVI1 codec. After I fixed the prediction code it started to work properly. Surprisingly, Treasure Quest game proved to be a source of MVI1 files in all formats (RGB, YUV422, YUV420, YUV410 and YUV4½0—the last one has one set of chroma samples per 4×4 block and is the most common MVI format in general). Additionally it has MVI1 samples with golden frame feature (I named it after a feature in a family of competing codecs that started with rather similar coding approach): frame 0 is two intra frames with the second frame serving as the background for the other frames; there is an additional map mode which tells that certain rectangles should be copied from the golden frame (instead of previous frame or filled with one colour). MVI2 seems to have an extension of that mode but I’ll see about it when I get to it (and if I obtain samples using that mode).

So, MVI2 next. Considering the number of extensions they added (and how they interfere with frame reconstruction) it’s probably not going to be easy but now I have a base to extend instead of blind guesses to make.

As I mentioned last month, I decided to reverse engineer Motion Pixel codecs and after a lot of failed attempts to make decoder work I’ve finally got something.

First of all, here are two frames from different videos.

MVITEST.AVI:

And a frame from SHOT09.AVI (from Apollo 18 game):

As you can see, the images are not perfect but recognizable already. And just last week it would’ve been a mess of colours with some barely recognizable distorted shapes.

The reason for this is that while MVI1 (and MVI2) is indeed based on stand-alone MVI format (I call it MVI0 for clarity), there are some nuances. On the first glance MVI0 and MVI1 are the same—all steps are the same—and indeed you can use the same code to decode data from either, but the reconstruction steps differ significantly.

Essentially there are four steps there: decode rectangles defining which parts of the frame will be left intact or filled with one colour, decode deltas used to reconstruct the rest of pixels, use those deltas to generate predictors for each line (where needed), use the rest of deltas to reconstruct the rest of pixels. Additionally MVI employs chroma subsampling mode so only one pixel in 1×1 to 4×4 block (depending on mode) has delta differences applied to chroma, all other pixels update only luma component. So if you don’t do it correctly you may end up applying e.g. deltas intended for luma to chroma components and vice versa. That’s what I got for a long time and could not understand why.

It turns out that vertical prediction has its pixel sampling at different position—or maybe it’s scrambled in the same way as line prediction. There for the most common mode (one set of chroma components per 4×4 block) each group of four lines is decoded in reverse order (i.e. 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4, …). For 2×2 block only lines in pairs are reversed. You can see artefacts of wrong prediction on Apollo frame.

Anyway, having a recognisable picture means that the hardest part (for MVI1) is done, so all is left now is to fix the remaining bugs, refactor the code and move to MVI2. There are other annoying things there but now I know how to deal with them.

BTW, if you’re curious why it takes so long, the problem is the binary specification being obfuscated to the point that Ghidra refuses to decompile most of MVI1 decoder functions and can’t do much about reconstruction functions since they’re a mess of spaghetti code (probably written in assembly language directly) so it’s more of a state machine than a decoding loop. And they abuse segment registers to access different parts of the context (and this must be the reason why it cannot work under OSes from this millennium). I got some progress when I resorted to debugging this mess by running MVI2 player OllyDbg under Win95 (emulated in DosBox-X) and constantly referring to Ghidra to see where to put breakpoint to trace a certain function. That process is definitely not fun for me but it gave results.

Overall, probably it could’ve gone better but I hope the rest won’t take as long.